Is there truly more to garlic than just mincing it for a quick sauté, and could mastering a few key cooking with garlic techniques actually make you a budget-savvy flavor master? Yes, absolutely! If you’re a budget-conscious foodie like me, always on the hunt for ways to elevate everyday meals without emptying your wallet, then you’re about to unlock “The Garlic Code.” This humble bulb, a staple in kitchens worldwide, holds a universe of flavor profiles – from fiercely pungent to surprisingly sweet and nutty – all depending on how you treat it. I’m here to share my favorite “insider” secrets that go far beyond basic garlic use.
Forget thinking of garlic as a one-note ingredient. I’m going to reveal how simple shifts in preparation and cooking can dramatically transform its taste and aroma, allowing you to add incredible depth and complexity to your dishes using this remarkably inexpensive powerhouse. We’ll explore different types of garlic, uncover the best (and thriftiest!) ways to store it to maximize its lifespan, and dive into surprising techniques like garlic confit and using “scraps” you might currently be tossing. This is about making garlic work harder for you.
We’ll uncover the science behind its sting and its sweetness, learn tricks to preserve its potent power, and discover unexpected ways to use its magic to make even the simplest, most budget-friendly meals taste extraordinary. By the end of this guide, you’ll be armed with the knowledge to truly master this versatile ingredient, adding layers of flavor and a touch of culinary intrigue to your cooking, all while keeping your budget happily intact. Let’s crack the code!
2. The Garlic Spectrum: Decoding Types and What Your Grocer Isn’t Telling You (A Thrifty Insider’s Tip!)
Before we dive deep into the transformative cooking with garlic techniques, let’s first explore the garlic spectrum itself, decoding the common types you’ll encounter and sharing a thrifty insider’s tip your grocer probably isn’t telling you. As a budget-conscious foodie, understanding these nuances can help you make smarter choices at the store, ensuring you get the best flavor, longevity, and value from this essential allium. It’s the first secret to cracking “The Garlic Code”!
While there are hundreds of garlic varieties, most supermarkets in the US primarily stock a couple of main categories:
- Softneck Garlic (e.g., Artichoke and Silverskin varieties):
- The Look: This is likely the most common type you see – white, papery skin, multiple layers of cloves (smaller ones often towards the center), and a flexible “neck” or stem, which is why it’s often braided.
- Flavor Profile: Generally milder than hardneck varieties, though this can vary. It’s a good all-rounder.
- Storage Life: Excellent! Softneck garlic is prized for its long storage capability, often lasting 6-9 months (or even longer) if stored properly. This makes it a fantastic choice for budget foodies who like to stock up.
- Clove Count: Tends to have more, but often smaller and more irregularly sized, cloves per bulb.
- Hardneck Garlic (e.g., Rocambole, Porcelain, Purple Stripe varieties):
- The Look: Has a stiff, woody central stalk (the “hard neck”). The cloves are usually larger, more uniform in size, and arranged in a single layer around this central stalk. The skins can sometimes have beautiful purple or reddish streaks.
- Flavor Profile: Often considered more complex and flavorful than softneck, with a wider range of intensities from mildly spicy to fiery. Many gourmet cooks prefer hardneck varieties.
- Storage Life: Generally shorter than softneck, typically lasting about 3-6 months.
- Bonus – Garlic Scapes! Hardneck garlic produces a delicious, edible flower stalk called a “scape” in late spring/early summer. If you can find these at farmers’ markets, they’re a real treat with a mild, garlicky-green flavor.
- Elephant Garlic (Actually a type of Leek!):
- The Look: Very large bulbs with just a few enormous cloves.
- Flavor Profile: Much, much milder than true garlic, almost oniony with a hint of garlic. It’s not a direct substitute if you want that classic garlic punch.
- Use With Caution (for flavor): Good for roasting or when you want a very subtle garlic essence, but don’t expect it to pack the same punch as its smaller cousins.
My Thrifty Insider’s Tip for Choosing and Storing:
Regardless of type, when you’re at the store, always choose garlic bulbs that are firm, plump, and heavy for their size, with dry, papery skins. Avoid bulbs that are soft, shriveled, have dark spots, or are showing green sprouts (a sign it’s older and might be bitter, though sprouted garlic is still usable – we’ll get to that!).
- The “Grocer’s Secret” (or what they might not emphasize): While pre-peeled garlic cloves or jars of minced garlic in oil seem convenient, they often come at a premium price and can have a less vibrant, sometimes “off” flavor compared to fresh whole bulbs. As a budget-conscious foodie aiming for the best cooking with garlic techniques, buying whole bulbs and prepping them yourself almost always offers superior flavor and value. Plus, you get the satisfaction of working with a truly fresh ingredient! The only exception might be if you find a massive bulk container of pre-peeled cloves at a warehouse store for a very specific, large-batch project, but even then, assess the quality and your ability to use it quickly.
Understanding this basic garlic spectrum and how to select the best bulbs is your first step to unlocking deeper flavors and making your ingredients work harder for you. Now, let’s explore how to transform these humble bulbs with some magical techniques!
3. The Science of Sting & Sweetness: How Different Cooking with Garlic Techniques Transform Its Flavor
This, my fellow garlic enthusiasts, is where we truly crack “The Garlic Code” and delve into the fascinating science of sting and sweetness, exploring how different cooking with garlic techniques dramatically transform its flavor. It’s not just about adding garlic; it’s about how you add it. Understanding this is an insider’s secret to manipulating one simple ingredient to produce a whole spectrum of tastes, from fiery and pungent to mellow, sweet, and nutty. Get ready for some “aha!” moments as we uncover the chemistry behind garlic’s chameleon-like nature!
The key to garlic’s flavor transformation lies primarily in a sulfur compound called allicin (and its precursors). When a garlic clove is whole and intact, these compounds are mostly separate. But when you damage the cell walls – by crushing, mincing, slicing, or pressing – enzymes are released that convert a compound called alliin into allicin. Allicin is what gives raw garlic its characteristic sharp, pungent, “stinging” bite. The more cell damage, the more allicin is produced, and the stronger the flavor. Heat then further transforms these compounds.
Let’s explore how common cooking with garlic techniques play with this science:
- Raw & Pungent (The Allicin Powerhouse):
- Technique: Minced, crushed, or pressed garlic added to dishes without cooking (or with very minimal heat, like in a vinaigrette or a finishing drizzle of gremolata).
- The Science & Flavor: Maximum cell damage means maximum allicin production, resulting in the most intense, sharp, and spicy garlic flavor. This is garlic at its most assertive.
- Insider Tip for Budget Foodies: A little raw, finely minced garlic goes a long way in terms of flavor, meaning you use less of the bulb for a big impact in things like salad dressings, dips, or fresh salsas.
- Sliced or Roughly Chopped & Sautéed (The Aromatic Foundation):
- Technique: Slicing or roughly chopping garlic creates less cell damage than mincing. It’s then typically sautéed gently in oil at the beginning of a recipe (the “bloom”).
- The Science & Flavor: Less initial allicin is formed. The gentle heat of the sauté mellows the garlic, taming its raw bite while releasing its wonderfully aromatic compounds into the oil, creating a savory, fragrant base for countless dishes. Be careful not to burn it, as burnt garlic turns bitter!
- Budget-Conscious Use: This is the workhorse technique for most savory cooking, infusing entire dishes with a foundational garlic aroma without being overpowering.
- Whole Cloves (Roasted, Simmered, or Poached): The Sweet & Nutty Transformation
- Technique: Using whole, unpeeled or peeled garlic cloves and cooking them slowly with gentle, even heat – think roasting alongside vegetables, simmering in a stew, or poaching in a sauce.
- The Science & Flavor: Minimal initial cell damage means very little allicin is formed. Instead, the slow, gentle heat caramelizes the natural sugars in the garlic and transforms the sulfur compounds into milder, sweeter, and nuttier flavor notes. The cloves become soft, creamy, and incredibly mellow.
- Foodie Revelation: Roasted whole garlic heads, where you can squeeze out the buttery pulp, are a revelation in sweetness and a surprisingly cheap “gourmet” touch.
- Garlic Confit (The “Liquid Gold” Secret & Budget Luxury):
- Technique: Peeled garlic cloves are slowly poached submerged in oil (olive oil is common) over very low heat for an extended period (1-3 hours) until they are exceptionally tender, sweet, and spreadable.
- The Science & Flavor: Similar to roasting, the low, slow cooking in oil prevents aggressive allicin formation and encourages the development of deep, sweet, and complex garlic flavors. The garlic becomes almost candy-like in its sweetness.
- Insider Secret for Budget Foodies: This is a classic restaurant technique that sounds fancy but is incredibly easy and economical to make at home. The resulting soft garlic cloves are amazing spread on bread, mashed into potatoes, or added to sauces. Plus, you get a bonus: beautifully garlic-infused oil!
By understanding how these different cooking with garlic techniques interact with its chemistry, you gain incredible control. You can dial the garlic flavor up or down, make it sharp or sweet, all from the same humble bulb. This is the true power and versatility that “The Garlic Code” unlocks for the savvy, budget-conscious foodie!
4. Preserving the Power: My Top “Insider” Tricks for Long-Lasting Garlic (and No More Sprouted Bulbs!)
You’ve cracked part of “The Garlic Code” by understanding how different cooking with garlic techniques create a spectrum of flavors. Now, let’s unlock another crucial secret for budget-conscious foodies: preserving the power of your garlic with my top “insider” tricks for making it last longer and saying goodbye to those frustrating sprouted or moldy bulbs! Wasting garlic is like throwing away flavor and money. By learning a few smart storage methods, you can maximize the lifespan of this inexpensive ingredient, ensuring you always have potent, ready-to-use garlic on hand.
Forget just tossing it in the veggie drawer and hoping for the best. Here are some more effective strategies:
- The Golden Rules for Storing Whole, Unpeeled Bulbs:
- The Sweet Spot: Garlic loves a cool, dark, dry place with good air circulation. Think a pantry shelf (away from onions and potatoes, which can cause garlic to sprout faster), a wire basket in a cupboard, or even a traditional ceramic garlic keeper with ventilation holes.
- What to AVOID:
- The Refrigerator (Usually!): For unpeeled, whole bulbs, the fridge is generally not ideal. The cold, humid environment can actually encourage sprouting once you take it out. (Peeled cloves or processed garlic are a different story, see below).
- Plastic Bags: These trap moisture and will lead to mold very quickly.
- Direct Sunlight or Warm Spots: This will encourage sprouting and spoilage.
- Insider Tip: Don’t break the bulb apart into individual cloves until you’re ready to use them. The papery skin protects the cloves and helps them last longer.
- Freezing Garlic – Your Flavor Preservation Ally:
- This is one of my favorite “insider” tricks for ensuring I never run out of garlic, especially if I’ve bought a lot on sale.
- Whole Unpeeled Cloves: Surprisingly, you can freeze whole, unpeeled cloves! Just pop them into a freezer bag or airtight container. The texture will change slightly upon thawing (they’ll be a bit softer), but the flavor remains excellent for cooked dishes. Bonus: frozen garlic cloves are often much easier to peel!
- Peeled Cloves: Peel your garlic cloves and freeze them whole in a freezer-safe bag or container.
- Minced Garlic (The Convenience Hack): Mince a batch of garlic, then you can either:
- Freeze in Small Portions: Press the minced garlic flat in a small freezer bag, score it into small squares before freezing solid, then break off what you need.
- Ice Cube Tray Method: Mix minced garlic with a tiny bit of water or olive oil, portion into an ice cube tray, freeze until solid, then transfer the “garlic cubes” to a freezer bag. Perfect for tossing straight into a hot pan.
- DIY Garlic Paste – Ready-to-Use Flavor Bomb:
- The Technique: Blend peeled garlic cloves with a small amount of neutral oil (like light olive oil or avocado oil) and a pinch of salt (which also acts as a mild preservative) until you have a smooth paste.
- Storage: Store in a clean, airtight jar in the refrigerator for up to a week or two, or freeze in small portions (ice cube trays again!) for much longer storage.
- Budget Foodie Benefit: A fantastic way to use up garlic that might be starting to look a little past its prime for whole clove use, and it’s incredibly convenient for adding instant garlic flavor to dishes.
- Garlic-Infused Oil (With Important Safety Considerations!):
- The Allure: Homemade garlic-infused oil is delicious.
- The “Insider” Safety Secret: Creating garlic-infused oil at home requires care due to the risk of botulism if fresh garlic is stored in oil at room temperature. Clostridium botulinum bacteria can thrive in low-acid, anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments like oil, especially if moisture from fresh garlic is present.
- SAFE Method 1 (For immediate use/short-term refrigeration): Gently heat peeled garlic cloves in oil until aromatic, then strain the oil and use it within a few days, storing it strictly in the refrigerator.
- SAFE Method 2 (Using DRIED garlic): Infusing oil with dried garlic (like dried minced garlic or garlic flakes) is much safer for longer shelf storage at room temperature, as the lack of moisture inhibits bacterial growth.
- AVOID: Storing fresh garlic cloves submerged in oil at room temperature.
- When made safely, garlic-infused oil is a thrifty way to add a subtle garlic essence to dressings, marinades, or for drizzling.
By employing these preservation “secrets,” you’ll significantly reduce garlic waste, save money by buying in bulk when it’s cheap, and always have this flavor powerhouse ready to elevate your cooking with garlic techniques. No more sad, sprouted bulbs in this kitchen lab!
5. Don’t Toss That! Surprising (and Thrifty) Uses for “Garlic Scraps”
As a budget-conscious foodie constantly exploring new cooking with garlic techniques, one of my favorite “insider secrets” is realizing that even the parts of garlic we often discard can have surprising value. So, before you toss those papery skins or the whole head after roasting, don’t toss that! There are some surprising (and wonderfully thrifty) uses for “garlic scraps” that can add subtle flavor to your dishes or make your prep even easier, truly embodying the zero-waste spirit of “The Garlic Code.”
It’s all about a resourceful mindset – seeing potential where others might see waste:
- Garlic Skins – The Unsung Flavor Enhancer (for Broths & Stocks):
- The “Secret”: Those dry, papery outer skins of garlic bulbs? Don’t just chuck them in the compost immediately!
- How to Use Them: If the skins are clean and dry (not moldy or dirty), you can add them to your freezer bag of vegetable scraps destined for homemade broth or stock.
- The Flavor Profile: They won’t impart a strong garlicky taste, but they contribute a very subtle, earthy, almost oniony background note and can add a beautiful golden hue to your broths, similar to onion skins. It’s a free flavor boost!
- Remember to Strain: Just like other vegetable scraps, you’ll strain these out with the rest of the solids when your broth is done.
- Roasting the Whole Head (Skin and All!) – Easy Pulp, No Peeling Frustration:
- The Technique (Revisited): We touched on roasting whole garlic for its sweet flavor, but let’s highlight the “no waste” aspect of the prep.
- How it Works: Simply slice off the very top of a whole garlic head to expose the tops of the cloves, drizzle with a little olive oil, wrap in foil (or place in a garlic roaster), and roast until soft and caramelized (around 350-400°F or 175-200°C for 30-60 minutes, depending on size).
- The “No Scrap” Benefit: Once roasted, you just squeeze the bulb from the bottom, and the sweet, creamy, roasted garlic pulp slides right out. The papery skins have done their job protecting the cloves during roasting and are then easily discarded (or composted). No tedious peeling of individual raw cloves beforehand! This is efficiency and zero-waste working together.
- Garlic Scapes – The Seasonal “Insider” Delicacy (If You Can Find Them!):
- What They Are: Garlic scapes are the curly, green flower stalks that hardneck garlic varieties produce in late spring or early summer. Farmers often remove them to encourage bulb growth.
- The Flavor: They have a fresh, mild, slightly sweet garlicky flavor, sometimes with a hint of green onion.
- Thrifty Uses (if you grow hardneck garlic or find them at a farmers’ market – they’re often inexpensive when in season):
- Pesto: Blend them into a vibrant garlic scape pesto.
- Stir-fries & Sauté_s: Chop and use them like green onions or a mild garlic.
- Grilled or Roasted: They become tender and sweet.
- Pickled: For a tangy, garlicky condiment.
- While not a “scrap” in the traditional sense from a store-bought bulb, knowing about scapes is a true “foodie insider” tip for maximizing a seasonal garlic product if you have access.
- Sprouted Garlic – Still Usable (With a Caveat!):
- The “Problem”: Garlic that has begun to send out a green sprout from the center of the clove.
- The Truth: It’s still perfectly safe to eat! However, the green sprout itself can sometimes be a bit bitter, especially if it’s large.
- Thrifty Solution: Simply slice the clove in half lengthwise and remove the green sprout with the tip of your knife before mincing or cooking the rest of the clove. The remaining garlic will be milder than unsprouted garlic but still usable, preventing unnecessary waste.
By thinking creatively about these often-overlooked parts and stages of garlic, you’re not just saving money; you’re deepening your understanding and appreciation for this versatile ingredient. It’s all part of mastering those resourceful cooking with garlic techniques that make you a smarter, more economical cook!
6. Garlic Beyond a Simple Sauté: Unexpected Ways I Use Its Magic to Elevate Budget Meals
We’ve explored types, flavor transformations through various cooking with garlic techniques, preservation, and even scrap utilization. Now, let’s venture beyond a simple sauté and uncover some unexpected, intriguing ways I use garlic’s magic to elevate even the most budget-friendly meals. As a budget-conscious foodie always looking to impress my own taste buds (and those of anyone I’m cooking for!) without a hefty price tag, these “secret weapon” applications of garlic can turn mundane dishes into something truly special.
Get ready to think of garlic not just as a background note, but as a star player in its own right, capable of adding layers of complexity and a touch of gourmet flair to your thrifty kitchen creations:
- Elevated Garlic Bread (The Confit or Roasted Pulp Method):
- The Upgrade: Forget just garlic powder and butter. For truly next-level garlic bread that tastes like it came from a fancy Italian restaurant (but costs pennies to make):
- Spread slices of good bread with a generous layer of mashed roasted garlic pulp or soft garlic confit cloves (see Section 3 for how to make these!).
- Drizzle with a little of the garlic-infused oil from your confit (if you made it), sprinkle with parsley, maybe a pinch of Parmesan if you have it, and toast until golden and fragrant.
- The “Secret” Impact: The sweetness and creaminess of roasted or confit garlic are a world away from the harshness of raw garlic butter. It’s a simple swap with a massive flavor payoff.
- The Upgrade: Forget just garlic powder and butter. For truly next-level garlic bread that tastes like it came from a fancy Italian restaurant (but costs pennies to make):
- Garlic-Infused Honey – The Sweet & Savory Surprise:
- The Intrigue: This might sound unusual, but trust me, it’s a flavor revelation!
- How I Make It (Simply): Gently warm some honey (don’t boil it) and add a few lightly crushed or sliced garlic cloves. Let it infuse in a sealed jar for a few days to a week, then strain out the garlic (or leave a clove or two in for visual appeal if using soon).
- Unexpected Uses: Drizzle over roasted vegetables (especially carrots or Brussels sprouts), use as a glaze for chicken or pork, add a tiny bit to a cheese board, or even use in some salad dressings for a complex sweet-savory note. It’s a gourmet touch from very humble beginnings.
- Whipped Roasted Garlic Dip or Spread – Effortless Elegance:
- The Transformation: That creamy roasted garlic pulp we talked about? It’s an amazing base for a super cheap yet incredibly elegant dip or spread.
- My Go-To: Squeeze out the pulp from a roasted head of garlic. Mash it with a fork, then whip it with a little olive oil, a pinch of salt, and maybe some fresh herbs (like parsley or chives) or a squeeze of lemon juice.
- Budget-Friendly Wow Factor: Serve with crusty bread, crackers, or raw vegetables. It tastes far more luxurious than its simple ingredients suggest.
- Garlic-Infused Vinegar – A Zesty Pantry Staple:
- The Technique: Similar to infused oil (but generally safer for longer storage due to vinegar’s acidity), lightly crush a few garlic cloves and add them to a bottle of white wine vinegar or apple cider vinegar. Let it sit for a week or two, shaking occasionally.
- Flavor Boost: Use this in salad dressings, marinades, or anywhere you’d use regular vinegar for an extra layer of garlicky zest.
- Black Garlic – The Umami “Secret” (To Explore):
- The Intrigue: While making true black garlic at home is a very long, specialized process (weeks of low, controlled heat and humidity), it’s worth knowing about as a “foodie secret” for its incredible flavor. It’s sweet, balsamic-like, and packed with umami.
- Budget-Conscious Approach: You might not DIY it easily, but if you ever see it at a specialty store or online, even a small amount can transform a dish. It’s a “secret weapon” ingredient that many chefs love. Knowing about it expands your flavor palate.
These are just a few ways to think differently about garlic. By experimenting with these slightly more unconventional cooking with garlic techniques and applications, you’ll discover even more ways this affordable allium can bring excitement, depth, and a touch of gourmet sophistication to your budget-friendly meals.
7. Your Kitchen’s Secret Weapon Unveiled: Mastering Garlic for Flavor, Thrift, and Joy
And so, “The Garlic Code” has been cracked, and your kitchen’s secret weapon stands unveiled! By exploring the diverse types, the science behind its flavor transformations, savvy preservation methods, zero-waste scrap utilization, and a host of unexpected cooking with garlic techniques, you’ve hopefully discovered that mastering garlic truly is a gateway to enhanced flavor, remarkable thrift, and a deeper joy in your everyday cooking. This humble bulb, so often taken for granted, is a powerhouse of potential, waiting for the informed, budget-conscious foodie to unlock its myriad secrets.
No longer do you need to see garlic as just a one-dimensional seasoning to be quickly minced and tossed into a pan. You now understand how to coax out its fiery sting or its mellow sweetness, how to make it last for months, and how to use every part (or nearly every part!) to reduce waste and add subtle layers of taste. From the pungent punch of raw garlic in a dressing to the creamy delight of roasted pulp spread on toast, or the aromatic depth of a slow-cooked confit, you have the “insider” knowledge to make garlic sing in your dishes.
I encourage you to take these “secrets” and make them your own. Experiment with the different cooking with garlic techniques, play with the flavor profiles, and continue to explore the amazing versatility of this affordable allium. The confidence you gain from understanding and utilizing an ingredient so thoroughly not only makes you a more resourceful cook but also a more joyful one. May your kitchen always be filled with the wonderful aroma of garlic, artfully prepared, and may your meals be forever more flavorful and your budget forever more grateful!
8. FAQ: Your “Garlic Code” Questions Answered
Here are a few more “insider” answers to common questions that arise when you start unlocking the secrets of garlic:
1. What’s the quickest way to peel a lot of garlic cloves if I’m not roasting the whole head?
My favorite “secret” for peeling multiple cloves quickly is the “two bowls” method: Break the garlic head into individual cloves. Place them in a sturdy metal or hard plastic bowl, and then invert another identical bowl on top to create a sealed dome. Shake vigorously for about 20-30 seconds. Many of the skins will have loosened or come off completely! Another quick trick for a few cloves is to gently crush the clove with the flat side of a chef’s knife; the skin usually slips right off.
2. I heard garlic turns blue or green sometimes when cooking. Is it still safe to eat?
Yes, it’s perfectly safe to eat! This is a fascinating, harmless chemical reaction. The color change can happen when sulfur compounds in garlic react with trace amounts of copper in some cookware or water, or sometimes due to acidity. It’s more common with garlic that has been stored for a while or in cooler temperatures. While it might look a bit unusual, the flavor and safety are generally not affected. Consider it a fun, visible chemistry experiment!
3. Can I really use garlic skins in broth? Won’t it taste papery?
It might sound strange, but yes, clean, dry garlic skins (the papery outer layers of the bulb) can be a thrifty addition to your homemade broth! They won’t make your broth taste “papery.” Instead, they contribute a subtle earthy depth and a beautiful golden hue to your stock, much like onion skins do. Just toss them in with your other vegetable scraps and strain them out at the end. It’s a zero-waste “insider” tip!
4. How do I get rid of strong garlic smell from my hands or cutting board?
Ah, the persistent aroma of a true garlic lover! For hands, try rubbing them vigorously on stainless steel (like your sink or a spoon) under cold running water – a classic “chef’s secret.” You can also make a paste of salt or baking soda with a little lemon juice and scrub your hands. For cutting boards, rubbing them with half a lemon or a paste of baking soda and water before washing can help neutralize the odor.
5. Is there one “best” cooking with garlic technique for maximum health benefits?
Different cooking with garlic techniques can affect its beneficial compounds in various ways. Many sources suggest that crushing or mincing fresh garlic and letting it sit for about 10-15 minutes before minimal cooking (or using it raw) best preserves allicin, a key health-promoting compound. However, cooked garlic, even roasted or sautéed, still retains many valuable nutrients and offers its own unique benefits and delicious flavors. My advice as a foodie is to enjoy garlic in a variety of preparations! This article focuses on unlocking its culinary potential; for in-depth health advice, it’s always best to consult a nutrition professional.